THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
1678 (fig. 84, p. 105), 'the fourth issue in this format', according to Alphonse Willems,:
'reproducing line-for-line that of 1670'. In his use of ligatures the compositor was
arbitrary, as my two resettings show; but the comparison is more interesting as
proving that the earlier book was set in bought type and the later in type cast by
the printer. I must admit that my point can only be illustrated by a comparison of
the originals : my type is all cast in the matrices formerly owned by Daniel Elsevier,
which my firm acquired in 1767.
The fashion of the two Greeks is not very elegant,2 and after the close of the
seventeenth century Greek types of this design were superseded by those intro¬
duced by Wetstein, which I shall describe later (p. 128). But what is most remarkable
about these types is their extraordinary wealth of ligatures.3 The approximation to
handwriting to be achieved by their use was a quality highly prized by the printers
of the seventeenth century.
Long Primer Greek No. 590 (figs. 64, 65, p. 89).* It has 370 sorts, including 127 single ac¬
cented letters, 14 separate accents, and 159 ligatures. The following is the synopsis.
I have spelt out the ligatures in the lines beneath them.
Capitals: А£ВГДЕ2НЦѲІКЛМЫЕОПР2ТГФХ*Пф
Lower-case letters\ а^/з£уг^4*С£і^,к'>і/іл"£оя"и"р?р'?(г5СтТ''ѵ^'Р;к4'й'
Accented letters : и,
: à à à a a ù è è e eì ììè i e i et e i » n nñn n ñn'n ñ y¡ ^ ^ ^ ^ p >f ^ ^ ^ ¡(I ^
Accents and breathings :
Punctuation marks : .,,.
Ligatures :
. / \ ~ ,/ A 7
with я
cu я\ ил/ Ъіп ~¿y> ар ас au
яі яі яѵ ятго яр яр as ecv
with у
3* Ф у{ У* jA Уг> У' У1 У* 1? Р£ уѵ ya
ya уяр yy ye y« ytv y» yi y» yo yp yv ya
with ì
hi h J h, ¿1 Z¡¿ h ty h Ѣ
0s» h t*ì «N h h» S'a Sp Su da
with £
{ И C/S. С* ob
et et ex еу ev
with a
WJîMH?1'»
3<* Э-ЯУ З-і 3-D З-і 3-е S-p S-v 3-a
with и
Im
m
with к
4P *7 К9Ч $ K9
xa xect xal xal ко
with A
Ä
AA
with f/j
Я« 'y. v\u ¿J1 fjs
foa jjjEy fjjty f/jera /jvo
with 0
©- ont.
00. oux
with я-
7ЛС 7ТЩ LÙ~fà& 7TE 7H¡ fESÇ lek* 7П} 7TUU 577 737\ 7TU
sr« orai тгара xe тгеі пер тгері тгп ттгіу яч я-А я-»
With 7Г 7Л> 'Ttf
with о ру, о/, pj
ось pi pò
With О" ОП ОЩ СТІѴ OXW 0~S ОТ/ 07} сии co- tx£ obi от
0~<& G-OCl (ГССѴ CCCV 0~Ѣ 0~ít <ГІ} 0*Ѵ)У <гЗ" ох. os cor am аг от f ja £w/ st ГТК (ГО 0~Т Q~Tl ГѴ (ПГІ <ГТ 0~TCt 0~ТССІ <ГТі (ГТИ 0"TÍJ Çï çr çp ou oTJUü fu % fu ял ста CTI Q-TO <ГТр TV ІГѴУ Q~TV <Г% ГГТЫ 0~^і 0~6t with т та fe j тщ Igte тгхо tí ni tí} тіш T5 Tí % TD ТСС ТСС TCCt TCÙl TCtq TCtV Tí TU TV} Tt)V TJJÇ Ti Ti то T° Ъ T У т% T? tv TZW tu tzJ* t ТО ТО ТОУ TOO Tp TT TV ТѴУ Т£У та TW V ѴІ ѴУ VV VT VTO with %wx**xx"№»xxíwtf W № W № with •$/ 4* with а о! іоб GREEK TYPES IN DUTCH FOUNDRIES Brevier Greek N0.584 (figs. 67, 68, p. 95).5 This type has 528 sorts, including 132 single Capitals ; АВГДЕ2НѲІКЛМКЕОПР2ТГФХ¥Г2 Lower-case letters : «jic^r*4tt;«i.»f'»»p?{t*«ff Accented letters ! k í a à vith I ¡l ì 7 ì ì ì I t ì I 1 1 o Ó Ó О О О О І о О Ó О О О Ü и С Ù Ü Ü Ü у и и и и tí У LO to Loose accents and breathings : ■ • * * - * » * * * * - *•■ « * • Punftuation marks : Ligatures: with * ' ** Щ 4i ty em ¿и Ѵлт) ар aç tw àumf ¿WbS &% with у У- УН V» iß ¿У yatyautfyiyl-fiuyvylui ■ytyj.y>y>ytyvy!>y>ï4YJJJVc!X У yt y ft yy yo yp ypt ypo yv yut ym y% y%e ya fa fat fay fat fav fé fi fei fu fny ft fia fit So Sp So á\ Jujj Sa to tp tv tvt tvy fa I/ et it eiyat ex «X iv iÇ erri eo-ri ер iv &ä S-*/ 9"Av S"Aç 3-Au Эч Э"і/ S-» 3-»v Э7 3"o 3-p 3-y &u ну xa xat xat xat Kay xat ката, каѵ xt к» кі кХ кѵ ко xp xv ка> XX with у usf. um fw Mäf Hffí (m> i¿* /Ss ß} ß*j ¡fy ya fjtat fjtay fjtap [xat ft.av fxe fxtB ¡uí\ ^tXX ¡uev fty JK f¿Yi /UUJÜ fJU fJLfJL fW ¡ЛЧ fLO fUW fJUÚ jLlfyí futra fjtey fjtil fAity ¡J.l fJ.fi fíV [ЛУ fJ.0 fÁvy [xa fj.S¡y ÓIOV Ot OUK ourot ira Trat тгау •тгар ¿rapa "Trat irav ire ттер теері irn тгі 7ТК 7ТУ ТГО 7ГШ ТИР ffX тгу тго тгѵ 9rp тгра 7Гро irpa тгт тгѵ тгѵу ora with f е^ et- es еу pa pi po pa t f т e С *1 * т" t Х^» i ìi ч it it» ti i i m sums ttn ft ff у if (¿LÍcSwtutotototo¿¿toU)tíiüi ¿ á ь> Zi и 8 S й à S S S 8 в4* В vith with with ¡г сгя oxL] aw <£ trap aw; aajj aß at a4 on «ore «Sj cÒUj ¿Э* culi OJÎJW ari o% CJD abv vjùi at OK a/A ao аЪаі o-S-! 0-9" n аЪпу аЪ~і o-&/ aSo aSu a5ù> al ак a fi ao К Ж Я? ^ W ?&> ™ ТШ Tui T Tr$ х wwxu'/?fxu;xujx>j>!i'&j7ê$wj ¡fr» Xa Xai yav yap yat yav ye yet yn ynv yb ySrny ySra ^ л|о£ ^ец ^ау -фіс ^djj ^і л^ ^м -ф -ч|о ^¡и -ф» 4* 4-*' 4** 4äc 4"аь 4* т,£/ 4 й т1' 4ѵ ~ть т'а а Ф Z, [і] Willems 1558. [2] On p. 62 Charles Enschedé praised the Long Primer [3] The Brevier type has 313 ligatures. P. S. Fournier in his [4] See pp. 62 and 101. [5] Plantin put it in his inventory of 1563 (Earby Inventories IO7
With V О Ц UV \sV VZV VZlTO
Xe6 Xo" ХЛУ Xe™ Xs XH X* X1 Xo XP Xv Xa
accented letters and 313 ligatures. The following is the synopsis. I have spelt out
the ligatures in the lines beneath them.
ai eil &\ A?iX äv ay avrò ap aç au aiiToü аитѣ aç
ya yal yav yàp yàp yas yau yy ye уч yey yn учу
with Í А Л( А» Л« Sow Л j Si Л Jiw ¡h э\$ о%
with i { et ¿¡ tí) « !) « с^ ІЯт Й (Sub
with Э- Se 3«/ Эвд 3of Эол/ 3í Si Sm Sàu St So Эр Su Эш
with » l**>
with x № x¡ HS4 <« KW KffA KP K9" xa нм xt XX км xo xp xv xa
with x x\
with о Ц ф. ix car
With IT 5П* WO/ 7TWf 7ГОР D^5¿ 7TOÇ 7TOU Tre ^ foSPJ. 7ГИ 7П
with
with
aa aai tray tray aap aat aau aß ai ail an aba abal
cur anzi azraj arroti авщ true arret ami am am\ caro
атг атга атгаі атгаѵ атгас атге атгч атгп атгі атгХ атго
amj arra лг ли* evraj ojvu osne ore arti от ел oro
атгѵ атга аа ааа аааі аааѵ aaat aat aalt аап aat aro
от от г cru спи car çaç смѵ я çj Я я
aav ааа о-т ara arai arav arat arav ari arti arn art
ço çp crv сы av aujj охр а^ %u %e %t %n ^¡tjv
aro arp aru ara av avy acp ay_ a%a ayt aytt ayjn ayjny
ayt ayy ayo аур ayu aya aa
т га. Э ЧЩ Т там гас гаи те г тп тіш т* Ti ¿с
га rat rat raît ray rat rau ti Tip m rny тис ri ri
тК то t t ? nt csv J5 TP ree %$ ri tv tlw
TX TO TOV TOV T0Í7 Toy rout rp rp rpt rpo rr rv rvy
Tu) ТДі гшѵ rtoy
и в ц tw %f ~úsr іЩ> \sav ear
v vt vv uv итг ¡J7rip ѵтго vai
X1 X< Xo Xt X' Xй Xй' Xa
Greek - rightly, I think. Both faces are technically very ac¬
complished renderings of beautiful calligraphy. (H.C)
Мпшіе! ГуродгарЦие (vol. 1, pp. 248—2б6)іп giving the typefoun¬
der's bill of fount for Greek allows for 552 ligatures and says
that the only founts with a 'complete set' of them were Gara¬
monds Grecs du Roi. In his Ein nützlich und violgegrundt Formular
marnicnerleji scliöiier sclm'ejften, Nuremberg, 1553, Wolfgang Fugger
says of Aldus's Greeks that they have as many as fourteen
hundred pieces, and in truth rather more than less (leaf p 3
verso), which means nearly 1,200 ligatures, including one for
аоѵХощелЕіаѵ.
p. 23) as [Bréviaire] Grec de Hautin. In Paris the Le Bé Foundry
had 440 matrices for the Grec de petit Texte hautin (S. Morison,
L'inventaire de la fonderie Le Bé, 1957, p. 22). One word is set in it
in the Specimen characterum of Konrad Berner of 1592. Pierre
Haultin, originally of Paris, later of La Rochelle, is known to
have printed from 1549 until 1587 (L. Desgraves, Les Haultin
1571—1623, pp. viii, 40). He is also known to have been a type¬
founder and to have cut Roman types ranging from Canon
to Nonpareil, some Italics, three sizes of Greek, and more
than one music-type (H. Carter, editor, Sixteenth-century French
Typefounders: the Le Bé Memorandum, 1967, pp. 19, 42—43).