Medieval Texts and Images: Studies оf Manuscripts from the Middle Agеs 105

176

BERNARD J. MUIR

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■7

Figure 68 Corrections discussed in the paper. Exeter, Cathedral Library MS 3501,
f. 60 v; 310-320x218-225 mm.

Art and Devotion: The
Prayer-books of Jean de Berry

Margaret M. Manion

Members of the royal family and their close kin played an important part in the
development of devotional practices in Medieval Europe. Not only did they sponsor
large church building programmes, endow monastic and clerical foundations and
help to furnish them with appropriate works of art, but they were also responsible for
harnessing the clerical and artistic energies required for conducting religious services
in their own households and in the churches which they frequented.

From an early age they themselves spent a considerable time each day in
private and public prayer, being expected to set an example in this respect to their
subjects.1 The role of their chaplains and confessors was consequently wide-ranging
and influential. As well as being responsible for the celebration of the liturgy these
clerics assisted in the education of the children of the household and they could also
be called upon to compile the texts for the family prayer-books, books which helped
to fashion the devotional lives of their owners.2

An examination, from this perspective, of the extant prayer-books of Jean,
Duke of Berry, third son of Jean le Bon, King of France (1350-1364), serves to
complement earlier studies which have tended to focus on either the contribution
which these books make to our knowledge of individual illuminators and related

1 F. Lehoux, Jean de France, duc de Berri, 4 vols. (Paris: 1966) provides a wealth of information
on the Duke’s attendance at religious services. For further examples see C.A.J. Armstrong, “The Piety
of Cicely, Duchess of York: A Study in Late Medieval Culture,” For Hilaire Belloc, ed. Douglas
Woodruff (London: 1942), and S.J. Bell, “Medieval Women Book Owners: Arbiters of Lay Piety and
Ambassadors of Culture,” in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 7.4 (1982): 742-767.

2 See Lehoux, vol.l, 35-36 for the chaplains’ role in the education of princes. For the involvement
of the Dominican Guillaume de Valan, confessor to Philippe le Hardi, in the compilation of Philippe’s
Grandes Heures see P. de Winter, La Bibliothèque de Philippe le Hardi, duc de Bourgogne
(1364-1404) (Paris: 1985) 187.

ill