xvi Descriptive List of Illustrations.

68. German ms.—Initials. Distinctly penwork. Departing again

widely from the square Roman form. 12th century.

69. gothic uncials—From the Arundel and Lansdowne MSS.

in the British Museum. Written with a rather frisky pen.
English. End of 12th century.

70. letters apparently scraped out of a coat of varnish colour

upon gilt metal—From an altar at Lisbjerg in Denmark.
12th century.

71. gothic uncials—From a Bible in the British Museum

(15-409). Characteristically penwork. 13th century.
(Compare 69.)

72. gothic uncials—From the inscription upon a bronze bell

at Hildesheim. 1270.

73. gothic uncials—From a Psalter from St. Albans, now in

the British Museum (2. B. VI.). Penwork. 13th century.
(Compare 71.)

74. ms. letters—Typically Gothic capitals. " Closed " letters.

Sportive finishing strokes. 14th century.

75. Italian capitals—Drawn by J. Vinycomb. 14th century.

76. incised gothic capitals—From Italy, Spain, and south of

France. About 1350.

77 and 78. gothic inscriptions—From Nordhausen. Cut in

brass. I395—I397-
79. English gothic inscriptions. Stone. From monument of

Richard II. in Westminster Abbey, and others of same

date. About 1400.

So. English initials—From MS. in the British Museum. On
a background of delicate ornament, penned in red. About
1400.

81. gothic minuscule—From the Church of S. Francesco at

Prato. Simple forms incised in marble and filled in with
cement. About 1410.

82. gothic letters carved in stone—The ground sunk. Spanish.

14th or 15th century. (Compare 31.)

83. penwork—Severe and straight beginning of a type which

eventually becomes excessively flowing and florid. 1420.

Descriptive List of Illustrations, xvii

84. German ms.—Gothic initials. 15th century.

85. German—From an inscription on a monument to Georicus

de Lewenstein in the cathedral at Bamberg. Cut in
brass. Something of a compromise between majuscule
and minuscule lettering. 1464.

86. French—From an inscription on a picture-frame in the

Louvre. The slight but characteristic curling and twisting
of the points of serifs comes of the use of the brush. Note
the recurrence of the square C, more characteristic of an
earlier period. 1480. (Compare 103.)

87. German ms.—Gothic initials. The thickening of the curved

strokes is characteristic. The swelling is not gradual, but
sudden. This occurs in other German MSS. of the same
period. 1475.

88. ms. initials—The terminations again rather frisky. But

letters of this kind (compare also 74, etc.) being usually in
colour, most often red, their tails, etc., do not cause the
confusion in the ranks of writing which they would do if
they were in black. About 1475.

89. painted initials. MSS., German. Ca. 1480.

90. gothic lettering incised in marble—German. 1482.

91. late gothic letters—Wood-carving in relief. Note the

foliation of otherwise simple forms. French. Probably
15th century.

92. initials cut in stone—From various monumental inscrip¬

tions (in black letter) at Bruges. End of the 14th
century.
93 and 94. gothic minuscule—From monumental brasses.
Severe and simple forms. End of 15th century.

95. alphabets made up from various monumental inscriptions.

German. End of 15th century.

96. gothic initials—Woodcut. Used with printed type. End

of 16th century.

97. from an inscription on a brass to Duke Albert of Saxony.

Meissen. Something of a compromise between Roman
and Gothic types. 1500.