xx Descriptive List of Illustrations.

121. Italian gothic capitals—From the original Writing Book

by G. F. Cresci. Apparently to some extent influenced
by the Roman character. 1570.

122. Italian minuscule - From the original Writing Book by

G. F. Cresci. Roman in character. 1570.

123. Italian gothic capitals—After Cresci, etc. Penmanship.

I570-

124. black letter minuscole—From a rubbing of a memorial

inscription. Flemish. 1579.

125. flemish minuscule—From a memorial tablet at S. Jacques,

Bruges. Cut in stone. There is a suggestion of turning
over and interlacing the strokes of the letters, which was
very usual in engraving of the period, whether on brass
or stone. 16th century.

126. roman capitals—From the lace-book of Giovanni Ostaus,

adapted to working on a square mesh. Characteristic of
the method of execution, and not of any period. 1591.
(Compare 200.)

127. german—From inscriptions at Bingen and other towns.

Cut in stone, showing some licence on the part of the
mason. 1576, 1598, 1618.

128. German minuscule Roman letters—From Bamberg, en¬

graved on brass, the background cut away. Observe
the spur on the edge of the long strokes, designed to
accentuate the parallelism of the line of lettering. 1613.

129. German minuscule—From a monument at Würzburg

Cathedral. Incised in slate. 1617.

130 and 131. majuscule and minuscule alphabets, from a rare
Writing Book of the 17th century.

132. italics—The sloping form came, of course, from the use
of the pen, but it was largely adopted by the masons of
the 17th and 18th centuries, who copied even the most
elaborate flourishes of the writing-master. 17th century.
(Compare 134 et sí?.)

Descriptive List of Illustrations. xxi

133. From inscriptions rather rudely carved upon a beam of elm

now in the Victoria and Albert Museum. The incised
line on the face of the letters occurs only in parts.
Letters G. J, K, Q, X, Z were missing. English, dated
1638. (Compare 114 and 115.)

134. pen-written capitals—From "The Pen's Transcendency,"

a Writing Book by E. Cocker, 1660. Cocker was so
emphatically the English writing-master of his day as to
have given rise to the phrase, " According to Cocker."
(Compare this and the following with the stone cut
letters, 142, 143, inspired by them.)

135. pen-written minuscules — From "The Pen's Trans¬

cendency," by E. Cocker. 1660.

136. pen-written minuscules—By Lesgret, a writing-master of

Paris. 1736.

137. alphabets and inscription—From "Magnum in Parvo,"

a Writing Book by E. Cocker.

138. alphabets and inscription—From the "Guide to Pen¬

manship," by E. Cocker. 1673.

139. pen-written capitals—From a "Guide to Penmanship,"

by E. Cocker. 1673.

140. minuscules by Maingueneau. Paris. Early 18th century.

141. pen-written capitals, by Lesgret. Paris. 1736.

142. English italic writing—From inscriptions on monuments

in Westminster Abbey. Stone-cutting in imitation of
penwork, not characteristic of the chisel. 1665.

143. English roman lettering—From engraved stone slabs at

Chippenham and elsewhere. 1697.

144. minuscules—From a Writing Book by Shelley. English.

1705-

145. minuscules—From a Writing Book by С Snell. English.

1715-

146. minuscules—From a Writing Book by M. S. Andrade.

Portuguese. 1721.