2бо NOTES ТО PAGES 39~44

53. Merriam-Webster Inc., Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary
(Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1993); Penny Speckter, Per¬
sonal correspondence, February 2009.

3. THE OCTOTHORPE (#)

1. Oxford English Dictionary, “Pound Sign, n.,” Oxford English Dic¬
tionary, http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/263614 [last accessed
August 27, 2012].

2. Reinhold Aman, ed, Maledicta 3,1979.

3. Dumesnil, Latin Synonyms (Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, 1825), 414; F. P.
Leverett, Jacobo Facciolati, Egidio Forcellini, et al, A New and Copi¬
ous Lexicon of the Latin Language (Boston: J. H. Wilkins and R. B.
Carter, 1837), 676.

4. Leverett et ai, A New and Copious Lexicon of the Latin Language, 490.

5. A. Cappelli, D. Heimann, and R. Kay, The Elements of Abbreviation
in Medieval Latin Palaeography (Lawrence: University of Kansas
Libraries, 1982), 41.

6. Bernhard BischofF and University of Cambridge, “Abbreviations,”
in Latin Paleography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press, 1995), 150; Oxford English Dictionary,
“Tittle, n.,” Oxford English Dictionary, http://www.oed.com/view/
Entry/202640 {last accessed August 27,2012}.

7. Keith G. Irwin, The Romance ofWritingfrom Egyptian Hieroglyphics
to Modern Letters, Numbers & Signs (New York: Viking, 1961).

8. “Unicode Character ‘L В BAR SYMBOL’ (U+2114),” FileFormat.
info, http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/2114/index.htm
[last accessed May 7,2011].

9. Oxford Dictionaries, “Pound,” Oxford Dictionaries Online, http://
oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pound [last accessed May 5,2011}.

10. E. Gibbon, “General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire
in the West,” in The History ofthe Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
(Paris: A. and W. Galignani, 1831), 641-45.

11. G. Halsall, Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376-568, Cam¬
bridge Medieval Textbooks (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univer¬
sity Press, 2007).

NOTES TO PAGES 44-46 261

12.

13-

14.

15-

16.

17-

18.

19-

го.

21.

22.

С. Lansing and E. D. English, “The Idea of aMiddle Ages,” A Com¬
panion to the Medieval World, Blackwell Companions to European
History (Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 3-6.

Brian Duignan, Gloria Lotha, Amy Tikkanen, et al, “Carolingian
Dynasty (European dynasty),” Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.
britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/96523/Carolingian-dynastyflast
accessed May 28,2012].

G. W. Trompf, “The Concept of the Carolingian Renaissance,”
Journal of the History of Ideas 34, no. 1 (1973): 3-26; André Vauchez,
Barrie Dobson, and Michael Lapidge, “Carolingian Renaissance,”
in Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (Paris: Éditions du CERF [etc.],
2000), 243.

C. U. Clark, “How Our Roman Type Came to Us,” The North
American Review 195, no. 677 (1912): 546-49; Lane Wilkinson, “The
Humanistic Minuscule and the Advent of Roman Type,” Paper
(Chattanooga: University of Tennessee, n.d.), 12.

Angela Redish, “From Carolingian Penny to Classical Gold Stan¬
dard,” in Bimetallism (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,
2006), 1-12.

P. Spufford, “The Appearance of the Denier and the Revival of
Trade,” in Money audits Use in Medieval Europe, Cambridge Paper¬
back Library (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993),
27-Î4-

D. Harper, “Soldier (n.),” Online Etymology Dictionary, http://www.
etymonline.com/index.php?term=soldier [last accessed May 29,
2012}.

Spufford, “The Appearance of the Denier and the Revival of Trade,”
27-54.

Jeannette L. Nolen and Grace Young, “pound sterling (money),”
Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/
topic/473092/pound-sterling [last accessed April 23,2011}.

Oxford English Dictionary, “Pound Sign, n.”

Daniel Defoe. The fortunes and misfortunes of the famous Moll Flan¬
ders ¿fe. who was born in Newgate, and during a life of continud vari¬
ety for threescore years, besides her childhood, was twelve year a whore,